I just reread “The End of Faith” and picked up on an internal inconsistency in Sam Harris’ logic with respect to torture. In an early part of the book, Harris chides many on the left for comparing Bush to Hitler and/or Saddam Hussein because Bush has been indirectly responsible for the deaths of innocents due to “collateral damage”. He uses the concept of a “perfect weapon” to characterize the differences. This mythical perfect weapon gives the wielder the ability to kill only the intended target with 100% precision. Harris asks: How would Saddam Hussein have used such a weapon and how would Bush? The answer, I should hope, is clear: despite all of Bush’s faults, he’s not a homicidal or genocidal maniac. Hussein would have wiped out the Kurds and pretty much anyone else.
Later in the book, Harris discusses the rationalizations for torture and comes to the conclusion that torture can in some cases be justified, even without being 100% certain of the guilt (beforehand) of the person under torture. In other words, even if you end up torturing some innocents, the potential for gleaning lifesaving information outweighs this risk. Essentially, he’s saying that tortured innocents are collateral damage. But they’re not equivalent. Innocent people get killed by bombs on accident — as Harris points out, we would avoid this if we could. We have to accept them as a cost of war and do everything possible to minimize this kind of suffering. But we don’t intentionally put them at risk — they aren’t specifically targetted. We don’t say “Well, we’re going to kill these 100 people, and hope 75 of them are bad guys”. But that’s essentially the argument he’s making for torture.
We have to draw a line between passively and directly harmful actions. In the case of collateral damage, the goal is to kill person X, and we take every action possible to only have that direct effect — person Y may unfortunately be nearby. But person Y being injured is a side effect of our intended action. What Harris is trying to is turn this into a probabilistic argument and say “Well, if we’re willing to deal with 10% extra casualties that are collateral damage, we should be willing to tolerate 10% of those who we torture being innocent.” But the two situations are not the same — in the second, 10% (or whatever percent), the torturer is intentionally inflicting harm on an innocent person. The probablistic argument fails because each case of torture is a specific person, not a hypothetical.
Let’s look at a contrived example to compare the two. If there were two sets of people in danger, and you could only save one group — you’d choose whichever option led to saving the most people. The people you are unable to save would be collateral damage. What if the situation required you to actively kill one person to save five? I think most people would balk at this — it’s the difference between active and passive harm.
Also note that Harris is sanctioning torture of the guilty, completely ignoring the fact that we have laws against cruel and unusual punishment even for people who have already been tried and convicted. His argument above assumes that torturing guilty people is acceptable. But haven’t we moved past that? Torture dehumanizes both the subject and the torturer. In short, torture is bad, bad, bad.
Greatings,
You need more rest i think
Thank you
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